專業|關于美國公共衛生專業

2023-10-21 10:33:12 來源：中國教育在線

隨著人們經濟水平的提高，對于很多家庭來說，留學不再是一個可望而不可及的事情，許多人都想要留學，那其中專業|關于美國公共衛生專業？針對這個問題，下面中國教育在線小編就來和大家分享一下。

專業|關于美國公共衛生專業

一、公共衛生是什么?

公共衛生的定義

公共衛生是通過組織社區資源，為公眾提供疾病預防和促進健康的一門管理學，它使用預防醫學、健康促進、環境衛生、社會科學等技術和手段。公共衛生體系由國際公共衛生組織、國家公共衛生組織、地方公共衛生組織和社區公共衛生組織組成。

HSPH的分類:

EnvironmentalHealth

? Biostatistics

? BehavioralScience/Health Education

? Epidemiology

? HealthServices Administration/Management

? Maternal andChild Health

? Nutrition

? International/GlobalHealth

? PublicHealth Laboratory Practice

? Public HealthPolicy

? Public HealthPractice

Overall, public health is concerned with protecting the health of entire populations. These populations can be as small as a local neighborhood, or as big as an entire country.

公共衛生涉及的學科知識:

? 流行病學 Epidemiology

? 預防醫學 Preventive Medicine

? 生物統計 Biostatistics

? 環境衛生 Environmental Health

? 職業衛生 Occupational Health

? 衛生政策 Health Policies

? 醫學管理 Medical Management

? 組織與機構

1. 按組織劃分

國際公共衛生組織。通過參加組織、加入協約與公約等形式，指導、監督、協調各個國家與地區的公共衛生工作。如世界衛生組織、綠色和平和世界自然基金會等等。

國家或地區(及地方)公共衛生組織。作為政府行政管理機構，代表政府提供公共衛生服務，共同發揮支柱作用。如衛生部門(U.S. Department of Health and Human Services，分支機構如CDC-Center for Disease Control)、勞工與保障部門(U.S. Department of Labor)、國土與環境部門和規劃與發展部門等。

按職能與職責劃分

衛生保健提供者。如醫院、社區健康服務中心、精神衛生組織、實驗(檢驗)中心、護理院，主要提供預防、診斷、康復和護理服務。

公共安全組織。如警察局、消防隊、醫療急救中心，預防處理緊急傷害和公共衛生事件。

環境保護、勞動保護和食品安全機構。作為執法部門，監督和保障安全的生存環境、保障人群健康。

文化、教育、體育機構。為社區提供促進健康的精神環境和物質環境。

民政、慈善組織。為弱勢人群包括失能人士、低收入人士和獨居及高齡人士提供政策與物質支持。

按人群劃分

兒童疾病與死亡

孕產婦疾病與死亡

老年人生活質量

按健康問題劃分

傳染病：SARS、禽流感、流感、瘋牛癥、艾滋病登革熱

慢性非傳染性疾病：腫瘤、糖尿病、高血壓

意外傷害：車禍

不良健康行為：吸煙、飲酒吸毒不安全的性行為

精神及心理衛生:憂郁癥

一、公共衛生院系設置介紹

在美國, 并不是所有的大學都有公共衛生學院或者相關專業，特別是獨立的公共衛生學院，往往在一個州中僅有1到2個大學具備較大的完整的院系設立。而正是這1到2個大學的公共衛生學院承擔了與本州衛生部門共同進行的疾病預防﹑健康教育﹑環境衛生等一系列重大事件的規劃與執行。一般來說，獨立的公共衛生學院有以下分系：衛生統計學(Biostatistics)﹑流行病學(Epidemiology)社區與健康教育學(Community And Health Education)﹑衛生政策與管理學(Health Policies And Administrations)﹑環境與職業病衛生學(Environmental And Occupational Health)。

以Harvard School of Public Health為例，其下設的方向和學位包括有：

Department of Biostatistics

SM (42.5-credit, 60-credit, and 80-credit programs), PhD

Department of Environmental Health

Exposure, epidemiology, and risk: SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs, including 80-credit program in industrial hygiene), SD

Molecular and integrative physiological sciences: SD, PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Occupational health (including programs with Simmons College): MOH, SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Department of Epidemiology

SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases

PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Department of Global Health and Population

SM (80-credit program), SD, DPH

Department of Health Policy and Management

SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD

Health care management (part-time, nonresidential): SM (42.5-credit program)

Health policy: PhD (through university program)

Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases

SD, PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Department of Nutrition

Nutritional epidemiology, public health nutrition: SD, DPH

PhD (through the Division of Biological Sciences)

Department of Society, Human Development, and Health (including joint programs with Simmons College)

SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Health communication: SM (80-credit program), SD, DPH

Maternal and child health: SM (42.5-credit and 80-credit programs), SD, DPH

Master of Public Health Program

Clinical effectiveness, family and community health, health care management and policy, international health, law and public health, occupational and environmental health, quantitative methods: MPH

Combined MD-MPH

Joint JD-MPH (for Harvard law students only)

Definition of Terms

DPH Doctor of public health

MOH Master of occupational health

MPH Master of public health

PhD Doctor of philosophy

SD Doctor of science

SM Master of science

二、公共衛生教育

申請的要求：

從HSPH和JHSPH的申請要求上，我們可以發現，這些公共衛生學院對申請的要求，1)至少需要具備本科學歷;

就是不同的學院、專業方向和學位，對申請者都有某一個和數個方面的特殊要求

學分越少的Program，對申請人的要求越苛刻。

The Departments of Biostatistics and Epidemiology will review applicants holding a minimum of a bachelor’s degree for the master of science 80 credit or the doctoral program (PhD or SD, respectively).

The Departments of Environmental Health; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health);Health Policy and Management; Nutrition; and Society, Human Development, and Health may consider applicants with a minimum of a bachelor’s degree, however, most successful candidates have some relevant work experience.

Degree Name Prerequisite Degree Requirements

Master of Science 80 credit SM Requires prior bachelor’s degree or non-US equivalent. Some departments prefer work experience?. See departmental websites for more specific information. The 80-credit master of science is offered in Biostatistics; Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health); Health Policy and Management; and Society, Human Development, and Health.

Master of Science 60 credit SM Requires prior bachelor’s degree or non-US equivalent in one of the mathematical sciences or an allied field (for example, biology, psychology, or economics)?. The 60-credit master of science is offered in Biostatistics.

Master of Science 42.5 credit SM Please see departmental websites for specific prerequisite degree requirements. For most departments, applicants must hold a prior doctoral degree. The Department of Environmental Health will review applicants with a master’s degree in a related discipline or significant professional experience?. The Department of Society, Human Development, and Health will review applicants with a prior related graduate degree and experience in the public health field. The 42.5-credit master of science is also offered in Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Health Policy and Management.

Master of Public Health

MPH

Requires prior doctoral degree- for example MD, DO, DDS (or their non-US equivalents), PhD, SD, JD, or other health-related doctoral degrees. MD and DO students may apply to enroll between third and fourth year in medical school. Also eligible to apply are those with a master’s degree in a health-related field (for example, MSN, MSW, MBA) and three years of relevant experience. The law and public health concentration requires a prior JD or non-US equivalent degree?. Law students already holding a relevant advanced degree may also be considered. Students who may have been accepted to Harvard Law School may apply to a joint JD/MPH program.

Master of Occupational Health MOH Requires prior medical degree. The master of occupational health is offered through the Department of Environmental Health.

Doctor of Science SD Bachelor’s degree or non-US equivalent except for the Departments of Health Policy and Management (requires prior medical degree) and Immunology and Infectious Diseases (requires prior clinical degree). The SD is also offered in Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health); Nutrition; and Society, Human Development, and Health.

Doctor of Public Health DPH Applicants must have, or be in progress toward, an MPH degree, in addition, candidates must hold an advanced degree in a basic public health discipline similar to the requirements for the master of public health (42.5 credit) program listed above?. The DPH is offered by Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Global Health and Population (formerly Population and International Health); Nutrition; and Society, Human Development, and Health.

Doctor of Philosophy PhD All PhD programs are offered under the aegis of the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences‘.

專業的不同側重：從兩個不同專業Degree Planners側重的能力解讀

Epidemiology Environmental Epidemiology

? Demonstrate basic skills in core public health sciences of epidemiology and biostatistics.

? Develop comprehensive knowledge of the role of epidemiology as a basic science for public health and clinical medicine to provide a quantitative approach to addressing public health and clinical problems.

? Interpret descriptive epidemiologic results in order to develop hypotheses of possible risk factors for a disease.

? Critically evaluate public health and medical literature through knowledge gained of the basic principles and methods of epidemiology, including disease (outcome) measures, measures of association, study design options, bias, confounding, and effect measure modification.

? Apply quantitative skills to analyze and synthesize epidemiologic data related to public health issues.

? Develop quantitative skills needed to analyze and synthesize epidemiologic data.

? Apply knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of human disease to epidemiologic studies.

? Develop the skills to interpret the methods for disease screening.

? Develop substantive knowledge of the epidemiology of infectious and chronic disease and apply this knowledge to public health issues.

? Design an epidemiologic investigation (Master’s Thesis) resulting in a publishable manuscript or grant application.

? Demonstrate competence with the 5 core disciplines for the professional SM degree program (listed in the MPH Curriculum Guide).

? Characterize contaminant sources and mechanisms of environmental transport.

? Identify, model, measure, evaluate and interpret the human contact with environmental contaminants that constitutes exposure, and develop strategies to control environmental hazards, allergens, and pathogens.

? Investigate health effects by applying appropriate statistical and epidemiological concepts and techniques to the relationships between environmental hazards and health outcomes.

? Employ risk assessment and management strategies to minimize adverse outcomes.

? Communicate effectively with individuals and communities regarding risk associated with environmental hazards.

衛生統計學(Biostatistics)：

是近幾年的大熱學科，除開醫學學生，不少數學和統計等理科的同學也紛紛申請。這個專業在美國前景非常之好，可以說就業面廣，包括醫藥公司﹑政府衛生部門和高校都需要此專業人才，技術性強，很少能被其他專業人才所取代，畢業后平均年收入也比其他衛生類專業更高。衛生統計學的申請者不一定需要醫學背景，但往往學校會要求在本科或研究生階段有一定的高等數學和統計學課程。

流行病學(Epidemiology)：

和衛生統計學科有很大的交叉，都需要能熟練的運用統計學軟件和原理，但對于疾病本身關注相對較多，畢業后大多也在各級別衛生部門從事相關工作，如艾滋病防治，心臟病的防治項目等。申請時更看重申請人的醫學背景，被錄取者多來自公衛本專業﹑臨床﹑藥學﹑護理﹑基礎醫學等專業，對于國際學生更是看中醫學相關背景。

社區與健康教育學(Community And Health Education)：

是所有公衛專業中最看重英語能力的，所以其GRE和IBT要求也最高，因為畢業后所開展的工作多以社區為基礎，強調與人群溝通能力。其工作范圍也相對較廣，滲透在幾乎衛生事業各級別各類型工作中。申請人如果要申請此方向，英語口語能力和過往實際的公共衛生相關工作經驗尤為重要。

衛生政策與管理學(Health Policies And Administrations)：

是公衛專業所有專業里最偏向管理學和政治學的科目，甚至有部分課程來自MBA和法律專業。畢業生多在不同部門扮演衛生政策的制定者或法律援助群體，也有很多在健康保險和其他健康相關產品行業里工作。此專業對申請人的寫作能力以及工作或實習經驗較為看重，國際學生申請此專業較統計學和流行病學相對較難，因為需要申請人了解美國的政府構架和法律規范。

環境與職業病衛生學(Environmental And Occupational Health):

這是全世界范圍內的熱門學科，在美國也如此，美國的環境與職業病衛生學貫穿于水質﹑空氣﹑土壤﹑基礎設施建設和制造產業中的衛生規范與管理，每年政府也會大力投入大量的人力和物力資源。可謂說此專業是很多美國本土學生也致力申請的方向，而申請者也不需要強調醫學背景，其競爭激烈，前景光明，對國際學生也并非有太高的語言門檻。

三、學位設置

各個大學的公共衛生學院學位設置大致相同，它們包括，MPH(Master Of Public Health)﹑MSPH(Master Of Science Public Health)﹑PHD﹑MHA(Master Of Healthcare Administration)。MPH和MSPH的區別在于前者多培養學生的實際工作能力，后者多培養學生的科研能力并可以進一步深造Ph.D學位。 MHA學位強調學生作為管理者的能力，如人力資源管理，市場策劃等，是所有專業中最接近MBA的一種。PHD專業是為高校﹑研究機構﹑政府部門培養的科研人才，一般獎學金非常豐富，畢業后留美機會較大。

四、申請人需做的準備

公共衛生是熱門學科，競爭非常激烈。GRE和IBT考試肯定是必不可少的，TOP20的公共衛生學院一般要托福100分以上(Speaking 20)。同時學院希望申請有一定的醫學相關背景，尤其針對國際學生，如沒有醫學相關學位，申請者可以積極參與國內的公共衛生項目，如疾病的宣傳教育課題，這樣可一定程度上彌補背景的不足。在申請過程中，PS(Personal Statement)和CV顯得尤為重要，學院希望申請人有對衛生保健事業的強烈興趣和責任感，這往往從對自己未來的計劃和對過去背景的總結介紹中得知。公共衛生的研究生階段獎學金甚少，因為這也是當前全美國的熱門學科，而排名靠前的公共衛院一年的學費和生活費大約在3萬5到5萬美金左右。PHD階段獎學金會相對多一些，但是競爭也是比較殘酷。

公共衛生作為當前世界重要的議題，無論在中國和美國都具有相當好的發展前景，在最近北美經濟走勢不佳的情況下，仍然是非常熱門和容易找工作的學科。有此志向的同學可以提早為自己的將來做詳細的規劃，準備好自己的申請。

就業方向：

衛生保健提供者。如醫院、社區健康服務中心、精神衛生組織、實驗(檢驗)中心、護理院，主要提供預防、診斷、康復和護理服務。

公共安全組織。如警察局、消防隊、醫療急救中心，預防處理緊急傷害和公共衛生事件。

環境保護、勞動保護和食品安全機構。作為執法部門，監督和保障安全的生存環境、保障人群健康。

文化、教育、體育機構。為社區提供促進健康的精神環境和物質環境。

民政、慈善組織、NGO。為弱勢人群包括失能人士、低收入人士和獨居及高齡人士提供政策與物質支持。

大型企業的員工健康支持，健康保險公司

政府部門：

Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)