劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions

劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions 具體的內容和中國教育在線平臺一起來看看吧

劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions 如何做出明智的決策

劍橋雅思16 Test2 Passage3閱讀原文翻譯

第1段

Across cultures, wisdom has been considered one of the most revered human qualities. Although the truly wise may seem few and far between, empirical research examining wisdom suggests that it isn’t an exceptional trait possessed by a small handful of bearded philosophers after all – in fact, the latest studies suggest that most of us have the ability to make wise decisions, given the right context.

各個文化中，智慧一直都被認為是最受尊敬的人類品質之一。雖然真正的智慧似乎十分稀少罕見，但針對智慧的實證研究發現，它并不是一種只有少部分長滿胡子的哲學家才擁有的獨特品質。事實上，最新的研究表明，在正確情景下，我們大多數人都有做出明智決定的能力。

第2段

‘It appears that experiential, situational, and cultural factors are even more powerful in shaping wisdom than previously imagined,’ says Associate Professor Igor Grossmann of the University of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada. ‘Recent empirical findings from cognitive, developmental, social, and personality psychology cumulatively suggest that people’s ability to reason wisely varies dramatically across experiential and situational contexts. Understanding the role of such contextual factors offers unique insights into understanding wisdom in daily life, as well as how it can be enhanced and taught.’

“經驗、情景和文化因素在塑造智慧方面似乎比我們之前想象的還要重要”，位于加拿大安大略省滑鐵盧大學的副教授Igor Grossmann說。“最近來自認知心理學，發展心理學，社會心理學和個性心理學的實證研究逐漸發現，人們進行智慧思考的能力在不同的經驗和情景下出現巨大差異。理解這些背景因素為我們理解日常生活中的智慧，以及它如何被加強和傳授提供了獨特的角度”。

第3段

It seems that it’s not so much that some people simply possess wisdom and others lack it, but that our ability to reason wisely depends on a variety of external factors. ‘It is impossible to characterize thought processes attributed to wisdom without considering the role of contextual factors,’ explains Grossmann. ‘In other words, wisdom is not solely an “inner quality” but rather unfolds as a function of situations people happen to be in. Some situations are more likely to promote wisdom than others.’

事情似乎并不簡單是一些人擁有智慧而其他人沒有智慧，我們明智思考的能力取決于各種外部因素。“不考慮背景因素的作用，就不可能總結出被歸為智慧的思考過程的特點”，Grossmann解釋道。“換句話說，智慧不僅僅是一種內部品質，而是人們所處情景的功能的展現。一些情景比其他情景更有可能促進智慧發展”。

第4段

Coming up with a definition of wisdom is challenging, but Grossmann and his colleagues have identified four key characteristics as part of a framework of wise reasoning. One is intellectual humility or recognition of the limits of our own knowledge, and another is appreciation of perspectives wider than the issue at hand. Sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations is also key, along with compromise or integration of different attitudes and beliefs.

給智慧下定義很困難，但Grossmann和他的同事已經界定出四個關鍵點，作為智慧思考框架的一部分。一個是智力謙遜，或者說承認我們知識的有限性，另一個是對比收頭問題更廣泛的解決方法的欣賞。對社會關系變化的可能性保持敏感也是關鍵之一，以及不同態度與觀點之間的妥協或者融合。

第5段

Grossmann and his colleagues have also found that one of the most reliable ways to support wisdom in our own day-to-day decisions is to look at scenarios from a third-party perspective, as though giving advice to a friend. Research suggests that when adopting a first-person viewpoint we focus on ‘the focal features of the environment’ and when we adopt a third-person, ‘observer’ viewpoint we reason more broadly and focus more on interpersonal and moral ideals such as justice and impartiality. Looking at problems from this more expansive viewpoint appears to foster cognitive processes related to wise decisions.

Grossmann和他的同事還發現，在我們日常決策中，支撐智慧最可靠的方式之一就是從第三方角度看待問題，就像給朋友提建議一樣。研究表明，當我們采用第一視角的時候，我們關注環境的核心特征，而當我們采用第三方、觀察者視角的時候，我們文章來自老烤鴨雅思會進行更廣泛的思考，更加關注人際關系和道德理想，比如公平公正。從更加寬泛的視角看待問題似乎有助于促進與明智決策相關的認知過程。

第6段

What are we to do, then, when confronted with situations like a disagreement with a spouse or negotiating a contract at work, that require us to take a personal stake? Grossmann argues that even when we aren’t able to change the situation, we can still evaluate these experiences from different perspectives.

當面對與配偶意見不一致或者在工作上溝通合同這樣需要我們進行個人決策的情景時，我們該如何做呢？Grossmann認為，即便我們無法改變這一情景，我們仍然可以從不同的角度對這些經驗進行評估。

第7段

For example, in one experiment that took place during the peak of a recent economic recession, graduating college seniors were asked to reflect on their job prospects. This article is from Laokaoya website. The students were instructed to imagine their career either ‘as if you were a distant observer’ or ‘before your own eyes as if you were right there’. Participants in the group assigned to the distant observer’ role displayed more wisdom-related reasoning (intellectual humility and recognition of change) than did participants in the control group.

例如，在一項于近期經濟衰退到頂點時進行的實驗中，大學畢業生被要求對他們的職業前景進行思考。實驗人員指示學生從不同角度想象自己的工作，要么當自己是一個中立的觀察者，要么當自己是當事人。相比于控制組的參與者而言，從中立觀察者角度出發的參與者展現出更多與智慧相關的思考（智力謙遜與認識到變化）。

第8段

In another study, couples in long-term romantic relationships were instructed to visualize an unresolved relationship conflict either through the eyes of an outsider or from their own perspective. Participants then discussed the incident with their partner for 10 minutes, after which they wrote down their thoughts about it. Couples in the ‘other’s eyes’ condition were significantly more likely to rely on wise reasoning – recognizing others’ perspectives and searching for a compromise -compared to the couples in the egocentric condition.

在另一項研究中，擁有長期浪漫關系的夫妻被要求從外人角度或者從他們自己的角度想象一項未能解決的人際沖突，隨后參與者與他們的伴侶針對這一問題進行10分鐘的討論。然后他們寫下自己的想法。與從自我角度出發的夫妻相比，從他人角度出發的夫妻明顯更有可能進行明智的思考-接受他人的觀點，并尋求妥協。

第9段

‘Ego-decentering promotes greater focus on others and enables a bigger picture, conceptual view of the experience, affording recognition of intellectual humility and change,’ says Grossmann.

“不那么以自我為中心會讓人們更加關注他人，從更寬廣的視角對體驗形成概念化的認知，從而意識到知識的有限性和改變”，Grossmann說。

第10段

We might associate wisdom with intelligence or particular personality traits, but research shows only a small positive relationship between wise thinking and crystallized intelligence and the personality traits of openness and agreeableness. ‘It is remarkable how much people can vary in their wisdom from one situation to the next, and how much stronger such contextual effects are for understanding the relationship between wise judgment and its social and affective outcomes as compared to the generalized “traits”‘, Grossmann explains. ‘That is, knowing how wisely a person behaves in a given situation is more informative for understanding their emotions or likelihood to forgive [or] retaliate as compared to knowing whether the person may be wise “in general”‘.

我們可能會將智慧與智力或者特定的性格聯系起來，但研究表明，智慧與明晰的智力以及開放、宜人的性格特點之間只有微弱的聯系。“人們的智慧在不同情境中的差異之大讓人震驚，而背景因素對于理解明智決策與其社會和情感結果之間關系的作用也要比普遍的性格特點有用很多”，Grossmann解釋道。“了解一個人在特定情景下的表現有多么智慧或者有多大可能進行原諒或者報復，比了解這個人是否大體智慧要能夠提供更多的信息”。

以上就是劍橋雅思16Test2Passage3閱讀原文翻譯 How to make wise decisions的相關內容。預祝每一位同學都能夠獲取滿意的成績。更多相關內容請繼續關注中國教育在線外語頻道。

>> 雅思 托福 免費課程學習，AI量身規劃讓英語學習不再困難<<