新托福閱讀推理題

2023-10-14 15:54:20 來源：中國教育在線

同學們您是否也想知道新托福閱讀推理題，這個問題的分析和解答呢？相信你通過以下的文章內容就會有更深入的了解，話不多說，接下來就跟著中國教育在線小編一起看看吧。

新托福閱讀推理題

新托福閱讀推理題是比較讓童鞋們頭疼的一類題型，它考察的內容多為隱藏在文章里、需要根據文章信息進行合理推測得出的結論，這意味著正確選項不會是文章中直接出現的信息，而又必須能夠由文中信息推理得出。下面我們來了解一下推理題的兩種不同方向。

正向推理

正向推理指的是最后的答案往往是和文章所描述的內容一致的，而這種特征一般視為“整體”和“部分”的一致性，所以正向推理也被稱為“整體與部分推理”。

正向推理包含兩種主要情形，一種叫做給定段里面沒有推理對象的情況，另外一種叫做有舉例引發的“整體與部分推理”。所謂“整體與部分推理”，就是文章里面講述一個特質是A，下面選項中的特征也是A，這個特質本身沒有變化。文章里面講什么特質，下面選項中就是什么特質，只不過一個是“整體”，一個是“部分”而已。

逆向推理

“逆向推理”又叫“取非式推理”，文章中講的是A，下面選項里最終答案是“非A”，此推理包含三種情形。

1.由新時間點引發的逆向推理

比如“now”表示現在，含有典型的暗轉折含義。事實上，凡是時間點概念，都暗示著轉折。比如說：1999年澳門回歸了，這意味著1999年之前澳門沒有回歸。這條原則可能聽起來怪怪的，但意義重大，以后我們做托福文章要比其他沒有經歷過嚴格訓練的同學多長一個心眼，但凡是有時間點出現，就意味著前后的特質不一致，而這恰好是考點。

2.由新地點引發的逆向推理

事實上，它和第一點的內涵是一致的，可以被統稱為“分類取非”。在文章中經常會出現把一個大類分成兩個小類的情況，比如文章里面講述生物分為兩類，一類是動物，一類是植物，這時文章里面會談到動物和植物的“不同點”而不會是“相同點”。

3.由特定詞引發的逆向推理

這一類詞包括unlike、without以及所有能夠表示“比例”的詞等。一般推理題只要找準用來推理的句子，然后按照上面兩種方法來做就不會有什么問題了。

只要掌握了這些技巧，當你在做托福閱讀時，也能像偵探一樣進行“推理”了。

新托福閱讀推理題搶分大法

一、推理題的標志

推理題的題干中一般含有infer, imply, most likely, least likely, probably等詞，分為有共性的推理題和無共性的推理題兩大類。

二、推理題的做法

對于無共性的推理題，也就是題干中無線索的，一般使用排除法，即根據各個選項的關鍵詞回原文定位，通過排除法得出正確答案。

對于有共性的推理題，也就是題干中有線索的，建議考生可以先圈定題干中的關鍵詞，根據關鍵詞回原文定位，然后進行推理。推理題主要有下列思路：

1. 一般對比推理

ETS設計推理題的手段不多，根據兩個事物的對比特征出題是其中之一。問其中一個事物的特征時，只要將與之形成對比的另一個事物的特征否定掉就可以了。

例如：

It should be obvious that cetaceans, whales, porpoises, and dolphins are mammals. They breathe through lungs, not through gills, and give birth to live young. Their streamlined bodies, the absence of hind legs, and the presence of a fluke and blowhole cannot disguise their affinities with land-dwelling mammals. However, unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, and walruses whose limbs are functional both on land and at sea), it is not easy to envision what the first whales looked like.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about early sea otters?

A. It is not difficult to imagine what they looked like.

B. There were great numbers of them.

C. They lived in the sea only.

D. They did not leave many fossil remains.

2. 時間對比推理

這種思路常被考到。在這種推理中，一般有兩個形成對比的時間段，它們所具有的特征一般相反。當題干問一個時間段的特征時，只要將與之相反的時間段的特征否定掉就可以了。

例：

Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is the country’s impressive population growth….

…It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial Revolution.

It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution

(A) families were larger.

(B) population statistics were unreliable.

(D) economic conditions were bad.

3.集合概念推理

集合概念推理也可以稱之為百分比推斷，它指的是在一個集合中，包含兩個相對的方面，共同構成一個大的集合。一方所占的比例減少意味著另一方所占比例的增加;反之，一方所占的比例增加意味著另一方所占比例的減少。根據這一思路，可以由集合中一方的數量變化推斷另一方的消減。

例：

A folk culture is small, isolated, cohesive, conservative, nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race, with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. …Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada….

By contrast, a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group, often highly individualistic and constantly changing.

What does the author imply about the United States and Canada?

(A) They value folk cultures.

(B) They have no social classes.

(D) They do not value individualism.

托福閱讀滿分需要具備哪些能力

托福考試中，聽力分數決定了托福總分的上線，而閱讀分數決定了托福總分的下線。因此，想要保底托福成績，閱讀部分是大家復習的重點。那么如果想要拿到閱讀部分的滿分，具體我們應該怎么做，需要掌握哪些能力呢?

一、扎實詞匯基礎

新托福閱讀有一個很大的特色就是有專門考察單詞的題型，也就是詞匯題。

從文章中抽出一個單詞，給四個選項，讓考生選擇與這個單詞詞義最接近最符合的。

這些詞匯并沒有大綱可以背，所以考生平時要注意大量的詞匯積累，尤其是一些學術學科的詞匯。

二、了解基本語法知識

這是一項比較全面的考察學生英語能力的考試，從詞匯到句子，一直到篇章。

但是要理解句子的含義，只是認識詞匯是不夠的，有的時候需要通過語法知識去分析。這種語法在很多題型中都有所體現。

三、牢記邏輯關系詞

理解英語句子要注重其邏輯關系，常見的邏輯關系有并列(and, as well)，比較(than, as…as)，因果(because, so, therefore, thus, result from)，遞進(also, furthermore)，轉折(but, however, yet)…

不僅句子內有這些邏輯關系，句子和句子之間也有這些邏輯關系，這樣才能理清整篇文章的脈絡，提煉主要信息。

四、加強快速閱讀能力

每篇的時間規定20分鐘，這個時間包括閱讀長篇的文章，和完成11或13道題目，所以時間非常緊張。

這個時候，閱讀的速度就非常關鍵了，因此，同學們平時加強閱讀速度的訓練。

五、培養歸納能力

最后一大題都是以全文意思的歸納為基礎才能完成的，尤其是summary，考察考生對文章的整體把握。

因此考生在平時練習的時候一定要注意對文章段落的歸納，能夠在較短的時間內把文章段落的中心思想提煉出來。

平時多注重歸納能力的訓練，考試的時候就不會害怕summary這種歸納概括類的題型了。

托福閱讀真題練習

托福閱讀文本：

In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The world anxiously watched as,every few hours, a hurtling chunk of comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as each icy mass incinerated itself. When each fragment slammed at 60 kilometers per second into the dense atmosphere, its immense kinetic energy was transformed into heat, producing a superheated fireball that was ejected back through the tunnel the fragment had made a few seconds earlier. The residues from these explosions left huge black marks on the face of Jupiter, some of which have stretched out to form dark ribbons.

Although this impact event was of considerable scientific import, it especially piqued public curiosity and interest. Photographs of each collision made the evening television newscast and were posted on the Internet. This was possibly the most open scientific endeavor in history. The face of the largest planet in the solar system was changed before our very eyes. And for the very first time, most of humanity came to fully appreciate the fact that we ourselves live on a similar target, a world subject to catastrophe by random assaults from celestial bodies. That realization was a surprise to many, but it should not have been. One of the great truths revealed by the last few decades of planetary exploration is that collisions between bodies of all sizes are relatively commonplace, at least in geologic terms, and were even more frequent in the early solar system.

托福閱讀題目：

1. The passage mentions which of the following with respect to the fragments of comet

Shoemaker-Levy 9?

(A) They were once combine in a larger body.

(B) Some of them burned up before entering the atmosphere of Jupiter.

(D) They have an unusual orbit.

2. The word "collectively" in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(A) respectively

(B) popularly

(D) together

3. The author compares the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 to all of the following

EXCEPT