（雅思課外精讀）廁所要革命美國正飽受缺乏公共廁所之苦

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Public Toilets公共廁所America is suffering from a lack of public toilets美國正飽受缺乏公共廁所之苦Apart from the embarrassment of getting caught short, having nowhere to go has serious political consequences除了廁所過少之外，沒地方上廁所還會帶來嚴重的政治后果

1. YESTERDAYS OUTRAGE often slips away quietly. In 2016 a North Carolina law requiring transgender people to use the toilet of their birth sex upset the nations stomach. Companies pulled out of ventures in the state, sports leagues called off games and rock stars cancelled concerts. The law was repealed and replaced with one which prevented state and local agencies from regulating who uses which toilet in public buildings. On December 1st that ban expired, meaning that local governments in North Carolina can enact legislation to prevent discrimination against LGBT people.

過去的憤怒總是悄然消失。2016年，北卡羅來納州的一項法律要求跨性別者按照出生時的性別使用廁所，這震驚了整個美國。因為這項法案，一些公司撤出了在卡羅萊納的風險投資，體育聯盟取消在此的了比賽，搖滾明星也取消了音樂會。如今，這項法案被廢止，取而代之的是一項禁止州和地方機構決定公共建筑中誰使用哪個廁所的新法案。12月1日，該禁令到期，這意味著北卡羅萊納州的地方政府可以通過立法來防止對LGBT人群的歧視。

2. Thus closes another chapter in the politics of the toilet. The story is a long one. In the 1950s and 60s civil-rights protesters decried whites only latrines. An Oakland assembly woman, Margaret Fong Eu, took a sledgehammer to a toilet wrapped in chains outside the state capitol in 1969 to protest against pay toilets in public buildings, arguing that they placed an undue burden on women because urinals were often free. Activists poured fake urine over the steps of Harvards Lowell Hall in 1973 demanding potty parity, the equitable distribution of male and female toilets. Grip bars in bathrooms were among the demands of the disability protesters who occupied a federal building in San Francisco for 26 days in 1977.

廁所政治故事的一個篇章結束了，但是故事還很長。上世紀五六十年代，民權抗議者抨擊白人專用廁所。1969年，奧克蘭女議員Margaret Fong Eu拿著大錘砸向州議會大廈外一個廁所，抗議在公共建筑內使用收費廁所。她認為，這種做法給女性帶來了不必要的負擔，因為小便器通常是免費的。1973年，活動人士在哈佛大學洛厄爾大廳的臺階上傾倒尿液，要求男女廁所分配均等。1977年，殘障抗議者占據舊金山一座聯邦大廈長達26天，要求在衛生間安裝把手。

3. The feminist fight against pay toilets, and a campaign by a student group, the Committee to End Pay Toilets in America, led to many states banning pay toilets in the 1970s. Vandalism and the cost of upkeep shut down many public ones. Discussions about public toilets assume they are still widely available, according to Taunya Lovell Banks, of the University of Maryland, but free or low-cost public toilets operated by government have largely disappeared, and access to toilets in government buildings has been reduced since the Oklahoma City Bombing and 9/11.

20世紀70年代，女權主義者發起反對公廁收費的運動。學生社團禁止美國收費公廁委員會也發起了一系列運動，許多州禁止公廁收費。然而，人們的隨意破壞以及維護費用的缺乏導致很多公廁被迫關閉。馬里蘭大學的陶尼亞洛弗爾班克斯表示，公廁討論總是認為公廁供應充足，但由政府運營的免費或廉價公廁在很大程度上已經沒有了，而且自俄克拉荷馬城爆炸案和9/11事件以來，政府辦公大樓內公廁已經減少。

4. So those caught short must duck into a local business and awkwardly ask for relief. Restrooms are for customers only signs mean it often takes a penny to spend a penny, creating a barrier to the poor. Where public urination is criminalised, the homeless may have no option but to risk arrest by going in public places. In some states, this can land them on the sex-offender registry. Closures of toilets during covid-19 have only added to the problem.

因此，那些急于要上衛生間的人就跑到企業廁所，尷尬地尋求釋放。衛生間僅供顧客使用的標識意味著上廁所要花錢，這給窮人帶來了負擔。在公共場所小便是違法的，但是無家可歸者除了冒著被捕風險在公共場所小便外，別無選擇。在一些州，這可以使他們進入性罪犯登記。新冠期間企業停擺只會加劇問題。

5. The lack of accessible toilets has public-health consequences. Holding water for too long can lead to urinary-tract infections, and failure to defecate can lead to constipation and haemorrhoids. This can be difficult for workers who lack easy access to toilets, such as taxi drivers, and disproportionately affects women, who need to go more frequently. No toilets also means no soap. An outbreak of hepatitis A linked to the lack of toilets led to the death of 20 and the hospitalisation of hundreds in San Diego in 2017.

缺乏公共廁所會對公共健康造成影響。憋尿時間過久會導致尿路感染，排便不暢則會帶來便秘和痔瘡。這對于像出租車司機這些群體來說，缺乏便利的公共廁所帶來的影響是巨大的，尤其是女性，她們去衛生間的頻率更高。沒有衛生間也就沒有肥皂。2017年，圣地亞哥因缺少廁所而爆發的甲型肝炎導致20人死亡，數百人住院。

6. Public toilets are costly to install and maintain, and can attract undesirable behaviour. But spurred on by Americas homelessness crisis, some cities are answering the call. The right to urinate might not be up there with the right to vote, but having it guaranteed would be a relief.

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