28100 語言學概論

江蘇教育學院編

語言學概論是英語專業本科段的一門理論課程。該課程通過對英語語言的語音、音位、詞法和句法各系統的分析，介紹普通語言學的基本理論模式、概念和研究方法。應試者通過本課程的自學，應能清楚地解釋語言學中的重要概念、初步地懂得語言學的研究方法，并能運用所學的理論知識，分析有關的英語語言現象。 一、考試內容Chapter One Introdution1.Differences between general linguistics and descriptive linguistics. 2.The nature of language(s)system/symbolic/vocal/arbitrary/creative/changeable/double-structured 3.Scientific method in linguisticscommon biases/the process of rule-construction4.The goal of linguisticsmodel/competence/explicitness/generativeness5.The sub-=branches of linguisticsphonetics/phonology/morphology/syntax/semantics6.Saussure: the father of linguistics three major distinctions;synchronic/diachronic;paradigmatic/syntagmatic;langue/paroleChapter Two Phonetics1.The sub-branches of phoueticsaritculatory/aconstic/auditory 2.The names of speech organs; Figure 1,p.17 3.International Phonetic Alphabet relationship between spellin and sound inEnglish/advantages of IPA 4.Chassification of the English consonants(1)the position of the soft palate;nasal/oral;(2)the presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration; voiceless/voiced; (3)the place of articulation; bilabials/labiodentals/dentals/

alveolars/postalveolars/alveopalatals/palatals/velars/glottals; (4)the manner of articulation: stops/fricatives/affricates/liquids/glides 5.Classification of the English vowels(1)the state of the velum;oral/nasal; (2)the position of the tongue;high-mid-low/front/central/back(3)lip rounding;rounded/unrounded (4)diphthongs/triphthons(5)Phonetic featuresconsonantal/vocalic/continuant/voiced/aspirated/nasal/anterior/coronalChapter Three Phonolgy 1.Importaet concepts phoneme/phone/allophone:minimal pair/minial set 2.Identifying phonemes (1)environment/distribution/contrastive distribution/complementary distribution/free variation (2)principles;contrastive distribution-separate phonemes;free variation-phonetic variants;complementary distribution phonetically similar-phonetic variants. (3)procedures; Figure 13,p.36 3.Sequential constraints 4.Distinctive fatures5.suprasegemental features; stress/tone and intonation/junctureChapter Four Morphology 1.morpheme/morph/allomorph2.Classifications of morphemes:(1)root/affix;free/bound;lexical/functional(2)prefixes/suffixes/infixes(3)inflectional/derivational3.Identifying morphemes (1)cutting sound sequences into morphs;comparison;(2)grouping morphs into morphemes;semantically identical+complementary distribution-separate morphemes(3)empty morph/zero morph4.Morphemic analysis(1)Immediate Constituent Analysis(JC analysis);ultimate constituents/immediate constituents/constituents;(2)principles of IC analysis; meaningful relationship/morphological rules 5.Word-formation processes(1)main processes; affixation/conversion/compounding; (2)minor processes; blending/clipping/acronymy/back-formationChapter Five Syntax(I)1.Three types of syntacic relations: sequential(syntagmatic)/substitutional(paradigmatic)/hjerarchical 2.Identifying syntactic categories; morphological and distributional features 3.Labeled IC analysis; phrase marker/node; labeled brackets; complete/partial phrase markerChapter Six Syntax(II) 1.phrase structure rules(PS rules)/transformational rules(T-rules);deep structure/surface structure2.The PS rules for the sentences, noun phrases, verb phrases and auxiliary phrasesChapter Seven Syntax(III)1.Three kinds of operations performed by Trules; optional/compulsory transformations.2.The structure of a T-rule: The structural description(SD)/the structural chnge(SC)3.T-rules: T-affix/T-Passive/T-Agent-deletion/T-Negation/T-Do-insertion/T-Yes/No question/T-Reflexivization/T-Imperative 4.Ordering of transformations二、考試形式本課程只進行筆試，試卷以英語命題，以英語答卷。試卷由兩大部分組成：理論部分和應用部分。可能采用的形式如下：

I.Theory-oriented questions

1.Fill in the blanks e.g.English phonetics has three sub branches,,.2.Multiple-choice questionse.g.Morpheme is defined as(a)a meaningful unit (b)a minimal unit (c)a minimal meaningful grammatical unit (d)a minimal meaningful unit 3.True or false questions e.g. If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment, they are said to be in comple-mentary distribution. True False4.Essay ype questiose.g. How doesl angue differ from parole according to Saussure's view? II.Practical work

這一部分試題所采取的形式均在每章后面的練習中出現過，如：

Chapter Two: 6,9,10,12 Chapter Three:2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,13,14,15, Chapter Four:6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14 Chapter Five:1,2,3,4,5,6,8,9 Chapter Six:2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9Chapter Seven.1,2,3,4,5,6,7三、教材

An Introduction to English Linguistics 南京師范大學外文系文秋芳編寫january 5,1990